DLSTM-Based Successive Cancellation Flipping Decoder for Short Polar Codes

Polar code has been adopted as the control channel coding scheme for the fifth generation (5G), and the performance of short polar codes is receiving intensive attention. The successive cancellation flipping (SC flipping) algorithm suffers a significant performance loss in short block lengths. To address this issue, we propose a double long short-term memory (DLSTM) neural network to locate the first error bit. To enhance the prediction accuracy of the DLSTM network, all frozen bits are clipped in the output layer. Then, Gaussian approximation is applied to measure the channel reliability and rank the flipping set to choose the least reliable position for multi-bit flipping. To be robust under different codewords, padding and masking strategies aid the network architecture to be compatible with multiple block lengths. Numerical results indicate that the error-correction performance of the proposed algorithm is competitive with that of the CA-SCL algorithm. It has better performance than the machine learning-based multi-bit flipping SC (ML-MSCF) decoder and the dynamic SC flipping (DSCF) decoder for short polar codes.     

Investigation of Hybrid Optical Amplifiers for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed System with Reduced Spacings at Higher Bit Rates

Abstract

This article proposes various combinations of optical amplifiers for a dense wavelength division multiplexed system and investigates the impact of reduced channel spacing at high bit rates in terms of quality factor, bit error rate, eye closure, and output power. It is reported that the hybrid optical amplifier (Raman–erbium-doped fiber amplifier [EDFA]) provides better results with a maximum covered single span distance (220 km) at channel spacing of 6.25 GHz. The maximum acceptable bit rate for the 12.5-GHz channel spacing dense wavelength division multiplexed system is also investigated, and the recommendation is provided that for the Raman–EDFA, Raman–EDFA–Raman, EDFA–Raman–EDFA, and EDFA–semiconductor optical amplifier–EDFA, the operating bit rate should not be greater than 20, 16, 19, and 20 Gbps, respectively.     

Design of Hamming Code Checker Using Titanium-Diffused Lithium Niobate-Based Waveguide

ABSTRACT

This work presents an electro-optic effect-based design for the widely used Hamming code for checking single bit errors in the received data. The structure is based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, designed using Titanium-diffused Lithium Niobate-based waveguides. The proposed device has been successfully tested using the beam propagation method. For a received 7-bit code, the three simultaneously generated check bits are combined to check the error position. Critical performance parameters like extinction ratio (24.39dB), contrast ratio (25.711dB), insertion loss (0.041dB), and amplitude modulation (0.079dB) calculated for the overall device are within acceptable limits for the feasibility of the device.     

Analysis of Methods of Performance Evaluation of Direct-Detection Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Communication Systems

Abstract

The performance assessment of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals in direct-detection transmission systems by using the error vector magnitude and several bit error ratio approaches is analyzed and compared through numerical simulation. It is shown that excellent accuracy of the bit error ratio estimates is obtained by a semi-analytical Gaussian approach for all the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system configurations analyzed and that the error vector magnitude only provides reliable estimates of the system performance when the system is dominantly impaired by noise. Additionally, a novel Q-factor approach for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing optical signals showing improved bit error ratio estimates is also presented.     

Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster operations management

Potential consequences of disasters involve overwhelming economic losses, large affected populations and serious environmental damages. Given these devastating effects, there is an increasing interest in developing measures in order to diminish the possible impact of disasters, which gave rise to the field of disaster operations management (DOM). In this paper we review recent OR/MS research in DOM. Our work is a continuation of a previous review from Altay and Green (2006). Our purpose is to evaluate how OR/MS research in DOM has evolved in the last years and to what extent the gaps identified by Altay and Green (2006) have been covered. Our findings show no drastic changes or developments in the field of OR/MS in DOM since the publication of Altay and Green (2006). Additionally to our comparative analysis, we present an original evaluation about the most common assumptions in recent OR/MS literature in DOM. Based on our findings we provide future research directions in order to make improvements in the areas where lack of research is detected.     

Polynomial Identities for Tangent Algebras of Monoassociative Loops

We introduce degree n Sabinin algebras, which are defined by the polynomial identities up to degree n in a Sabinin algebra. Degree 4 Sabinin algebras can be characterized by the polynomial identities satisfied by the commutator, associator, and two quaternators in the free nonassociative algebra. We consider these operations in a free power associative algebra and show that one of the quaternators is redundant. The resulting algebras provide the natural structure on the tangent space at the identity element of an analytic loop for which all local loops satisfy monoassociativity, a ² a ≡ aa ². These algebras are the next step beyond Lie, Malcev, and Bol algebras. We also present an identity of degree 5 which is satisfied by these three operations but which is not implied by the identities of lower degree.     

Closed Prime Ideals in Algebras with Semiprime Multiplication Algebra

Let A be an algebra whose multiplication algebra M(A) is semiprime. We prove that, except in an exceptional case, the proper closed prime ideals of A are the maximal closed ideals of A, for the closure operations π and ?. In fact, these sets agree for both closures. The same can be said in M(A) for the closure operations π and ?′. Moreover, we establish the relationships between the proper closed prime ideals of A and the ones of the algebras M(A),U and A/U, for a given ideal U of A.